`color{brown}(โฃโฃ)` `color{brown}("๐๐จ๐๐ข๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ก๐ฒ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฑ๐ข๐๐")`
`color{green}(โ
)` `color{green}("๐๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐๐ซ๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง :")`
When electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (called brine), it decomposes to form sodium hydroxide. The process is called the chlor-alkali process because of the products formedโ chlor for chlorine and alkali for sodium hydroxide.
`color{red}(2NaCl (aq) + 2H_2O (l) โ 2NaOH (aq) + Cl_2 (g) + H_2 (g))`
`color{green}(โ
)` `color{green}("๐๐ซ๐จ๐๐ฎ๐๐ญ๐ฌ:")`
Chlorine gas is given off at the anode, and hydrogen gas at the cathode. Sodium hydroxide solution is formed near the cathode.
`color{brown}(โฃโฃ)` `color{brown}("๐๐ฅ๐๐๐๐ก๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฉ๐จ๐ฐ๐๐๐ซ")`
`color{green}(โ
)` `color{green}("๐๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐๐ซ๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:")`
Chlorine gas produced during the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (brine) is used for the manufacture of bleaching powder. Bleaching powder `color{red}((CaOCl_2))` is produced by the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime `color{red}([Ca(OH)_2 ])`.
`color{red}(Ca(OH)_2 + Cl_2 โ CaOCl_2 + H_2O)`
`color{green}(โ
)` `color{green}("๐๐ฌ๐๐ฌ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ฅ๐๐๐๐ก๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฉ๐จ๐ฐ๐๐๐ซ:")`
(i) for bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry, for bleaching wood pulp in paper factories and for bleaching washed clothes in laundry.
(ii) as an oxidising agent in many chemical industries.
(iii) for disinfecting drinking water to make it free of germs.
`color{brown}(โฃโฃ)` `color{brown}("๐๐๐ค๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฌ๐จ๐๐")`
Baking soda is commonly for making tasty crispy pakoras . Sometimes it is added for faster cooking. The chemical name of the compound is sodium hydrogencarbonate `color{red}((NaHCO_3 ))`. It is produced using sodium chloride as one of the raw materials.
`color{red}(NaCl + H_2O + CO_2 + NH_3 โ underset("(Ammonium chloride)") (NH_4Cl) + underset("(Sodium hydrogencarbonate)")(NaHCO_3))`
`color{green}(โ
)` `color{green}("๐๐ฌ๐๐ฌ ๐จ๐ ๐ฌ๐จ๐๐ข๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ก๐ฒ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง๐๐๐ซ๐๐จ๐ง๐๐ญ๐" (NaHCO_3 ))` :
(i) For making baking powder, which is a mixture of baking soda (sodium hydrogencarbonate) and a mild edible acid such as tartaric acid.
When baking powder is heated or mixed in water, the following reaction takes place โ
`color{red}(underset("From any acid)")(NaHCO_3 + H^(+)) โ CO_2 + H_2O + " Sodium salt of acid")`
Carbon dioxide produced during the reaction causes bread or cake to rise making them soft and spongy.
(ii) Sodium hydrogencarbonate is also an ingredient in antacids. Being alkaline, it neutralises excess acid in the stomach and provides relief.
(iii) It is also used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.
`color{brown}(โฃโฃ)` `color{brown}("๐๐๐ฌ๐ก๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฌ๐จ๐๐")`
Another chemical that can be obtained from sodium chloride is `color{red}(Na_2CO_3 .10H_2O)` (washing soda). Recrystallisation of sodium carbonate gives washing soda. It is also a basic salt.
`color{red}(underset("(Sodium carbonate )")(Na_2CO_3) +10 H_2O โ Na_2CO_3 . 10 H_2O )`
`color{green}(โ
)` `color{green}("๐๐ฌ๐๐ฌ ๐จ๐ ๐ฐ๐๐ฌ๐ก๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฌ๐จ๐๐")`
(i) Sodium carbonate (washing soda) is used in glass, soap and paper industries.
(ii) It is used in the manufacture of sodium compounds such as borax.
(iii) Sodium carbonate can be used as a cleaning agent for domestic purposes.
(iv) It is used for removing permanent hardness of water.
`color{brown}(โฃโฃ)` `color{brown}("๐๐จ๐๐ข๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ก๐ฒ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฑ๐ข๐๐")`
`color{green}(โ
)` `color{green}("๐๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐๐ซ๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง :")`
When electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (called brine), it decomposes to form sodium hydroxide. The process is called the chlor-alkali process because of the products formedโ chlor for chlorine and alkali for sodium hydroxide.
`color{red}(2NaCl (aq) + 2H_2O (l) โ 2NaOH (aq) + Cl_2 (g) + H_2 (g))`
`color{green}(โ
)` `color{green}("๐๐ซ๐จ๐๐ฎ๐๐ญ๐ฌ:")`
Chlorine gas is given off at the anode, and hydrogen gas at the cathode. Sodium hydroxide solution is formed near the cathode.
`color{brown}(โฃโฃ)` `color{brown}("๐๐ฅ๐๐๐๐ก๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฉ๐จ๐ฐ๐๐๐ซ")`
`color{green}(โ
)` `color{green}("๐๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐๐ซ๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:")`
Chlorine gas produced during the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (brine) is used for the manufacture of bleaching powder. Bleaching powder `color{red}((CaOCl_2))` is produced by the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime `color{red}([Ca(OH)_2 ])`.
`color{red}(Ca(OH)_2 + Cl_2 โ CaOCl_2 + H_2O)`
`color{green}(โ
)` `color{green}("๐๐ฌ๐๐ฌ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ฅ๐๐๐๐ก๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฉ๐จ๐ฐ๐๐๐ซ:")`
(i) for bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry, for bleaching wood pulp in paper factories and for bleaching washed clothes in laundry.
(ii) as an oxidising agent in many chemical industries.
(iii) for disinfecting drinking water to make it free of germs.
`color{brown}(โฃโฃ)` `color{brown}("๐๐๐ค๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฌ๐จ๐๐")`
Baking soda is commonly for making tasty crispy pakoras . Sometimes it is added for faster cooking. The chemical name of the compound is sodium hydrogencarbonate `color{red}((NaHCO_3 ))`. It is produced using sodium chloride as one of the raw materials.
`color{red}(NaCl + H_2O + CO_2 + NH_3 โ underset("(Ammonium chloride)") (NH_4Cl) + underset("(Sodium hydrogencarbonate)")(NaHCO_3))`
`color{green}(โ
)` `color{green}("๐๐ฌ๐๐ฌ ๐จ๐ ๐ฌ๐จ๐๐ข๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ก๐ฒ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง๐๐๐ซ๐๐จ๐ง๐๐ญ๐" (NaHCO_3 ))` :
(i) For making baking powder, which is a mixture of baking soda (sodium hydrogencarbonate) and a mild edible acid such as tartaric acid.
When baking powder is heated or mixed in water, the following reaction takes place โ
`color{red}(underset("From any acid)")(NaHCO_3 + H^(+)) โ CO_2 + H_2O + " Sodium salt of acid")`
Carbon dioxide produced during the reaction causes bread or cake to rise making them soft and spongy.
(ii) Sodium hydrogencarbonate is also an ingredient in antacids. Being alkaline, it neutralises excess acid in the stomach and provides relief.
(iii) It is also used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.
`color{brown}(โฃโฃ)` `color{brown}("๐๐๐ฌ๐ก๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฌ๐จ๐๐")`
Another chemical that can be obtained from sodium chloride is `color{red}(Na_2CO_3 .10H_2O)` (washing soda). Recrystallisation of sodium carbonate gives washing soda. It is also a basic salt.
`color{red}(underset("(Sodium carbonate )")(Na_2CO_3) +10 H_2O โ Na_2CO_3 . 10 H_2O )`
`color{green}(โ
)` `color{green}("๐๐ฌ๐๐ฌ ๐จ๐ ๐ฐ๐๐ฌ๐ก๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฌ๐จ๐๐")`
(i) Sodium carbonate (washing soda) is used in glass, soap and paper industries.
(ii) It is used in the manufacture of sodium compounds such as borax.
(iii) Sodium carbonate can be used as a cleaning agent for domestic purposes.
(iv) It is used for removing permanent hardness of water.
